2.
  -2024
..  
 
(    )
:      :100
:     -    ,         
             
-
1.           
2.        
-
3.          
4.   ?   -     
-
5.           
6.          
2.
-
7.              
8.            
  -2024
..  
 
(    )
:      :100
:     -    ,         
             
-
1.           
:   
           
          ,       
,   ,             
  -      ,     ,   -  -
""  ,            
    
           , 
  ,      ,         
           
 
   
2.
              
              '   
   , ,         

    ,   ',   ',     
  ,        -   
               
 
 ,         ,    
,           , 
   , ,     '   
        
       
     
       ,       
,      
 :
1. - 
   ,             
   '   ,      '      
,      '          
           
   
        -   
2.    
    
         
        ,     ,
    ,        ,  
              ,
            
3.  
        
;         
 ,              
  , ,   ,  ,   ,
             

          
4.  :    
2.
      :
 :   ,       ,
  ,            
     
  :     ,  ,
  ,        '   
            
  
5. - 
    ,   -     
           
         ,       ,
  ,           
6. - 
               
,        , , , 
,             
  
7.     
        
;      ' 
   ,    ,     
            
     
8.   
             
            

 ,    ,      ,
       
9.   
       '       
 ,  ,  ,      
          
2.
10.      
    ,         
      ,  ,      
            
     
   
    ,         :
1.    :  
       

2.   :         
3.    :     
4.  :        
5.    : ,     
6.  :,       
7.  :         
   
             

          ,       
    
    ""      
      :
 
 :    '      
  
 :        
 
    :        


    :    
  
  
 
     :       
  
 
   
            ,   
            ,   ,
    ,         :   
 ,     ,   ,   
  -,      ,    , 
2.
   '   ,        
      

 ,              
      
     , ,  
   ,             
 - -,  ,  , - ,     '
 -      
 
     -  
;    
             
  ,            

2.        
:   :   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
       , ,     
  ,           
,  
    ,   -     ,   ,  
   -  -       ""   
  
     
                 
,   ,   ,        
              , 
    ,      '    
󹺢    
1.    
   :      ,   ,  

:             
 ,     
2.
 :    ,     
             
  (  )    (  /) 
   
2.   
   :  ,    ,  
     
:          
 : -   
 ,  
, , ,          
 ,        
 
3.    
   :        
 
:      ; 
     
 :     ,    
            ,   
-    '  
4.    
   :, ,      
:    - '      
 :       , 
  -  '         
  ,          
 ,     
5.  
   :           

:      (ACRs)
 :         
     ,        , 
   ""  ""    ,   
      
2.
6.    
   :         , 
      
:    ,     

 :  ,       
    ,       ,   
       
7.  
   : , , ,    
  
:     ,    ESIC
    
 :     
 ,   
 ,           
         
8.  
   :      ,  
   
:         
 :    ,     
    ,        ,
        
9. -  
   : ,   , ,    

:     
 :  ,         ,
             

10.    
   :        

: , ,      
2.
 :      
        ,       
"- ,    "     
󷇮󷇭  
  
  
       ' 
        
       
         
    ,       '   
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃 :   

1.          
2. -     
  (    ')
3.      
    
4.    
        

1.              
2. ,        
3.     '  
4.         
5.           
󽆪󽆫󽆬
          -     , 
 
 ,         - , , ,
, ,    -          
     
   ',       ,       
    ,   ;  '   ,  '
               
     
2.
-
3.          
: -             
 ',         
 :    ,
    ,        ,    
    '              
 
 -! !           
    ,   
     ' ,    
       
  ?
  ,           ,
              
    ,       ,  
          ,    
        
 
      
;         
   ,    ,    ,   
             
:            
  
    ,     
 :
1.  :   
        
  
2.   :   ,  ,   

 
3.  :          
        
4.  :        
 
5.    :        
       
 
 ,           
2.
  
     '           
     '  ,   
    
     -       ' 
1.  
        '      
            
  :
1. :     '     ' 
o

:   ,    
 , 
   
 
o

:        ;  
  
2. :          
o

:    ,   
  ,      
o

:      ;  
 
     
3.  :       

o

:           ;  
 
 
o

:           
 :
  -    
       " " 
    '         
  
           
      
2.  
               
  '   
       
2.
  :
1. :, ,       
o

:    ;     
o

:;      ;  
2.  :        ' 
o

:
,  ,     
o

:  ;  
3.  :       
o

: 
 ;      ;   
o

:;       ;  -  
4. -   :         
   
o

: ;    '     
o

:-    ;    -   ;
-
5.  :,  ,       
o

:-;   ;    
o

:        ; - 
 
 :
      ,        , 
   ,      
   ' 
             
 
        
             '   :
  :        ,   
       
:      ,     
 
:           

  :          
 :    ,        
2.
   
    
:
1.   
:        
2. :        
3.   :         
4.   :        

5.   :      ,     
    
    
,     :
1.  : ,   ,  -
  
2.  :      
  
3.   :      ' 
4.  :     
;   
 
      
 ,       
,      

       ;         
   
           
 
 ,              
     ,       
  
        
2.
4.   ?   -     
:   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
  ,     ,         
      ,       -    
   -    ,  ,    - 
      
,          ,      ,  
              -  
 ,      ,        - 
            
    :      
󹺢  ?
:          
  ,             
    
      
 -    ,  
        
  :        
󷇮󷇭  
 --  
 
     
   ,               
  
1.      
        
   ,            
:           
      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:         
2.        
2.
      
        
  -          
:      ' "   "    
,    
        
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:    - 
3.   
   
         
  
      
:   ,    
    ' 
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:      
4.     
     ,       
 
       
:          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:      
5.   
  ,    , -   
-    
          
: LBSNAA  IAS    ,     

       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:      
6.    
  
          
  
    
 
:    '      
      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:     
2.
7.     
     
 -     
   
:    -     
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:      
8.     
        '  
 
:          
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:        
9.       
   ,      
           
: -      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:       
10.      
  ,         
 
 
:          
         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:       
11.     
     
 -     


 ,  ,          
:           
   ,      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:     
,     
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃 
2.
       ,     '     
    
:
o ,       
o        
o  
         
:
o             
o      ,       ' 

o -   -            
  
o   ,        ,  
       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :  ,     ,    
     , 
   -      
󽆪󽆫󽆬
        
 -     
         ,     
  ,       
    :    ,   , 
 ,   ,   ,  ,
  ,    
-
5.           
:  , -     ,    ,
 ,              
      ,           
   :         ?      
  (SSC)      -        
 ,        ()  
    
2.
SSC  ,        1947     
,        : 
    
       ,        
  SSC  ,      ,       

 -            
    ,   1975 ,   
  '  
                ,
           :   
   -,      
  : SSC   
 ?
SSC               
,    ,       ',    ,  
   ,    --      
              
         
SSC    
          
   - ,
, ,          
     
              
              , 
             :
1.   -     
2.   - ,       
3.    -   
        
      
4.     -        
: SSC      ?
SSC            
               :
1. – SSC - ,      B (-) 
 C            

  SSC        (CGL) ,
    (CHSL) ,   (JE) ,
 ,           ,
             
2.
2.  - SSC -       
      
    , - 
    
3.   -        , SSC  

     ,        ,
     ,        
  , SSC      
;      
  ,   
           
SSC  :    
SSC     
   ,    
   SSC      ,     
     :
1.              
   SSC ,   ,     

     
2.         
  SSC    ,    ,   
   
3.  – SSC         
           ,
CGL     ,   ,      
    -     
      
 
4.          '     SSC
              
  
      - ,    
  
5.     ,        '
             SSC  
              
  
SSC    : 
       '   SSC      , 
  :
2.
1. – SSC              ' 
          ,   
 
2.   -       
, SSC  

             
3.  - ,   , 
-  
   ,  -  
 
4.   – SSC   ,      
           
5.     - -     , SSC - 
     ,         
SSC    :    
        
   SSC     , 
    :
1.   -  ,          
 ,        
2. ,  -      
  ,           
3.     -    ,       
    ,     '  
 
4.         , SSC  -
,   -       
5.   -   SSC      ,  
           
   
   
       ,      ,
             , SSC   
       ,      
   ,          
 
,  ,            
   ,       
:  
 ,         ;       
              
2.
     -   , ,  -
  - 
-        SSC       ,
           
 
6.          
:     :   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
 -        -   '   , 
, ,         
    ,   ,
          ,     , 
          ?   
    ?       ?
          (SPSC)    
 315   ,      ,     
 (UPSC)  -            
       ,      -  

󹺢      
 SPSCs    ' ,         
  
1.         
   :         '  
    
:    (PPSC)   ,   
    
 
 :        ,
   ,  ,       
       ,  '  
   
2.   
 
2.
   :   ,       ,
     
  
 :       
 ,           ,  
-    
3.    '  
   :     ,    , 
,         
 :       
    ,   
    
  ,        
4.   
   :       ,  
, ,    ,  -   
 :  
      
     ,  , -    
   ,       '   
5.    ' - 
   :,       
  '   -   
 :         
   , 
   
,      
-     
6.   
   : SPSC        ,  
       
 :   
  ,  
        ,        
   
7.     
   :     , SPSC   
    
2.
 :     ,   ,
           
       
󷇮󷇭SPSCs 
  
       
            


       '      
   '          
  
SPSCs  ,     , ,  -  

󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃 :   

1.   : 315-323     
2. - :     
 
3. :           
4.   (  '): SPSCs       

1.   :       , 
      
2.   :         
   
3.  :        , 
      
4.  :    
,       
  
5.  : SPSC    ,       , 
      
󽆪󽆫󽆬
2.
       '       - 
,    ,   ,   
 -          
 ,   ',        ,    
 ,           
   , SPSC   :    ,  
   , -  ,      
-
7.              
:         -      
 ,      ,       
                

 ?          ,     
      ?        
    -       ,    
 
1.       
   ,    -        
          ,      
  
           GPS     
   ,       
     
   ,       
    -  
  :
   :   '    
        
        
    
   
 :  ,   
    ,     
    :      '
 ,              
     
    :        
     '    
 
2.
 ,       () , 1968  
 
                
  ,      ,      
               
 - 
       
  ,             
       ,        
2.    
        -    ,    
   :
1.   :
   -       ,  
, ,       
  , , 
    
2.  :
            
  
      
 ,  

     
3.    :
              ,  
       
4. :
          '   
      
       
    
5.     :
                
    
             
  
6.     :
        ,   , 
      
2.
3.      
             , 
  
             
      ,        
              
 ,        
        
  ,    ,  -   
 
  :
    :        ,  
     
   
 :       
 
            
       :       
         
  :         
  
 
4.      
 ,    
       
              
 :
1.   :
o    () , 1964     -
   
o -       
 
2.  :
o           
o    (CVC)         
3.   :
   ,    , , , , 
        
,     
4.  :
          '  
 ,         
     
2.
5.       
   ,         - 
    :
1.    :
            - 
       
2.  :
            
       
3.    :
  , ,          

4.   :
          ,      
 
5.     :
           
6.      
        :
  :, ,     

   :      
  
  :       

 
    :      
        
  :         
    
7.    
           ,   
,                 :
            ,     
2.
  ?              
 ?
,          ,        

  -           

     ,    ,       
    
    ,          

 ,    
      

 ,         
 -   
     
       ,   
  ,           ,    
,     ,   - 
           
 :   
    ,            
       ,         
    
  
8.            
:       :   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
                 
     -               
  '   ,        :     
" " ,           ,    
       
      
 
  -           -      
     
 
2.
󹺢     ?
             -   ,
,    '  -    
   ,  ,    ,    
   
    :        
    ,          
  
󷇮󷇭           |
       -    ' 
1.      ( 309311)
   :
o  309:           

o  310: "  "      
     , ...
o  311:     -        
     
 
  :       
     
 :       
 ,
          
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         
2.    ( 14)
 ,   ,        
  
  (, , ) ,   , , ,  
 '  
  
 :   ,    
       
3.       ( 21)
  ,      
2.
   , ,        
 
:          
    
 : ,     -   
 ' -     ,   ,     
      
4.      (  )
   ,      
   (      , 1964)  , 
     '  
     
 
 
 :    
 ,    
       
   ,   
          
5.   
            

:  ,   
 :       , 
 (     )     
   ,     '    
6.        
   , ,        
     - '      
 :  -      
,              
 
7.       
          
     
  
 : ,      ,  
         
8.    
2.
    "" 
,     
  
     
,         
 : ,     
   ,      
9.     
          
 ,        
 :       , 
      
 
10.     
            ,
         
:    (CAT)
 :    ,      
  
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃 
       ,       
 :
1.    :
o        
 
o          
 
2.   :
o    '    
 
o             
3.   -:
o      ,   ,  
         
4.    :
o      
o              
   
󽆪󽆫󽆬
       '  :     , 
         -  , , , 
2.
, ,      - ,    
     
 ,   ',     ,  , 
             : 
 
      ,     
  ,           
 ,      :
    :  ( 309-311), , , 
(  ), ,  ,    ,   
 :  ' ,  ,   
   
       ,          :
     
 ,           
  ,               
"               

       ,         "